Introduction
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| DEPRESSION |
 Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder ) is a common
yet serious medical condition that affects both the mind and body, creating
physical, psychological, and social symptoms. It is a state of intense
sadness, constant negative thinking, melancholia or despair. Symptoms
can include, feelings of hopelessness or guilt, "empty" mood, pessimism,
worthlessness, helplessness, fatigue, anxiety, diminished interest in daily
activities, decline in sexual arousal, sleep disorders, irritability, decreased
ability to concentrate, amnesia, difficulty making decisions, prolonged,
refractory physical symptoms. It can be disruptive on social functioning
and daily activities, sometimes leading to substance abuse or suicidal
ideation or attempts in extreme cases. |
| ADJUSTMENT DISORDER |
| Adjustment disorder is an abnormal and excessive reaction to a life stressor. The reaction may be linked to a single event (a flood or fire, marriage, divorce, starting school, new job) or multiple events (marital problems or severe business difficulties). Adjustment disorders can occur at any age. People are particularly vulnerable during normal transitional periods such as adolescence, mid-life and late life. In adolescents, common stressors include school problems, family conflict or sexuality issues Adults often develop adjustment disorder related to marital or financial problems. Other stressors for people of any age include the death of a loved one, general life changes, or unexpected catastrophes. A person with adjustment disorder often experiences feelings of depression or anxiety or combined depression and anxiety. It can result in significant impairment in social, occupational or academic functioning. |
| STRESS |
| Stress is a psychological and physiological response to events that upset our personal balance in some way. Long-term stress can increase the risk of diseases like depression, heart disease and a variety of other problems People who are experiencing stress overload may notice some of the following signs: anxiety or panic attacks, a feeling of being constantly pressured, hassled, and hurried, irritability and moodiness , physical symptoms, such as stomach problems, headaches, or even chest pain, allergic reactions, such as eczema or asthma, sleep problems , increased alcohol consumption , overeating, sadness or depression. The most helpful method of dealing with stress that comes along with new challenges is to learn stress-management skills. |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AND EARTHQUAKE |
| Psychological trauma can result from events that have been long recognized as traumatic, including: natural disasters (earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, etc.), physical assault serious bodily harm, and serious accidents such as automobile. Traumatizing events can take a serious emotional toll on those involved, even if the event did not cause physical damage. Intense feelings like fear, anxiety, guiltiness, regretfulness, anger, pessimism, hopelessness, panic, despair and shame are experienced. Related symptoms that may occur are spontaneous crying, irritability, resentment, emotional numbness, withdrawal from normal routine and relationships, insomnia, obsessions with death, memory lapses, especially about the trauma, difficulty making decisions, decreased ability to concentrate, an altered sense of time, increased arousal, hyper-vigilance, ADHD symptoms and depression. |
| ADDICTIVE DISORDERS |
 Psychological and physical dependence associated with alcohol, nicotine
or other substance use is increasingly prevalent in the community. Drug
abuse and withdrawal states affect mostly the adolescents and require
special diagnosis and treatment methods.If the drug abuse has become the main focus of the person's life, it entails immediate treatment. With the collaboration of psychologists and psychiatrists, it requires comprehensive treatment, involving social, biological and psychological components. |
| MASKED DEPRESSION |
| In this form of depression, also referred as latent depression, the depressive mood of the patient is not noticeable at the first hand. Although the physical symptoms may be very similar, the psychological symptoms are lacking or the person does not mention them for one reason or another. The person presents with physical symptoms, pain, asthma crisis, gastro-intestinal problems, cardiac problems, dizziness, instability, nausea, vomiting, paresthesia, fatigue, phobias, obsessions, amnesia, use of alcohol and cigarette smoking, anger. It is seen more commonly in youngsters and elderly. Stress factor is especially important for its development. |
| PANIC DISORDER |
| Panic disorder sufferers usually have a series of intense episodes of extreme anxiety, known as panic attacks. The attacks vary in intensity and specific symptoms of panic over the duration (i.e. palpitation, perspiration, trembling, dizziness, dyspnea, fear of losing control or dying). The outward symptoms of a panic attack often cause negative social experiences (i.e. embarrassment, social stigma, social isolation, etc.). Some people's lives become greatly restricted by the disorder. They avoid normal, everyday activities such as grocery shopping, driving, or in some cases even leaving the house. |
| ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER |
| Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may have difficulty following directions, remembering information, concentrating, planning and organizing tasks or completing work within time limits. These people are often bored with tedious, repetitive tasks. Procrastination is common. If these difficulties are not managed appropriately, they may lead to frequent job changes, troubled romantic relationships, financial problems and a tendency to interrupt others. |
| BIPOLAR DISORDER |
| Bipolar disorder is one of the most severe forms of mental illness. It usually starts in late adolescence or early adulthood. People who have it experience dramatic mood swings. They may go from overly energetic, "high" and/or irritable, to sad and hopeless, and then back again. They often have normal moods in between. The up feeling is called mania. The down feeling is depression. Untreated, bipolar disorder can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. |
| SCHIZOPHRENIA |
 It is a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or
expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory
hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and
thinking , significant social or occupational dysfunction. There are four
types of schizophrenia. Treatment modalities vary according to subgroups.
Recents studies support the contention that it is a brain disorder.
Increased dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain
is a consistent finding. The mainstay of treatment is pharmacotherapy
with antipsychotic medications; these primarily work by suppressing
dopamine activity. |
| PARANOIA |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder, also known as “Delusional Disorder” is a condition characterized by excessive distrust and suspiciousness of others. This disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviors become persistent and very disabling or distressing. It has several subtypes. The themes that are most frequently seen in paranoia disorder are delusions of persecution, delusional jealousy, erotic delusions and grandiose delusions. People with paranoid personality disorder are constantly on their guard because they see the world as a threatening place. They are generally difficult to get along with and often have problems with close relationships because of their excessive suspiciousness and hostility. |
| SOCIAL PHOBIA |
| Social phobia/anxiety is the fear and anxiety of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people, leading to feelings of inadequacy, embarrassment, humiliation, and depression. Physical symptoms often accompanying social anxiety disorder include excessive blushing, sweating (hyperhidrosis), trembling, palpitations, nausea and stammering. Panic attacks may also occur under intense fear and discomfort. It often brings around early adolescence. An early diagnosis may help in minimizing the symptoms and the development of additional problems such as depression. Some sufferers may use alcohol or other drug to reduce fears and inhibitions at social events. Social phobia disrupts normal life, interfering with career or social relationships. |
| MARITAL PROBLEMS |
| Marital distress is one of the most frequently encountered and disturbing human problems. Evidence indicates that individuals who have problems in their marriages are more likely to have a variety of psychological problems, often leading to great sadness, worry, a high level of tension, and depression. Distressed spouses are also more susceptible to physical health problems. Childhood behavioral problems are more common in families in which the parents are unhappily married. A number of studies have found that children, who are exposed to marital distress, particularly to violence in the home, are at greater risk for their own emotional problems. If conflicts in marriage are not resolved, there is need for marital therapy and professional help. Otherwise marital distress can lead to divorce. |
| OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) |
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a psychiatric disorder that is
characterized by unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviours.
People who suffer from OCD are aware of these unwanted thoughts,
but it is difficult for them to overcome them. People with OCD are
always anxious and distressed. There are several OCD types with
repetitive behaviors such as counting, cleaning, metaphysical
obsessions and behavioral disorders. Life is difficult for the people
with OCD since they have a persistent fear that harm may come
to self or a loved one. Effective treatments for obsessive-compulsive
disorder are available today. |
| PERSONALITY DISORDERS |
| Personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histonic personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, sadomasochist personality disorder. Personality disorders emerge during adolescence or in childhood. Personality disorders distort people's adaptation to social environment. People with personality disorders have serious problems in their social relations and worklife. |
| SLEEP DISORDERS |
| Insomnia, sleep apnea and snoring constitute main sleep disorders. These disorders involve narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, sleep terror, tooth-grinding and nocturnal enuresis. |
| EATING DISORDERS |
| The main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia
nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by body image distortion with an obsessive rejection to eat and a will to lose weight. It is a psychological disorder that might result in death. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder, characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of weight control. Bulimia nervosa emerges during early adolescence. 90% of bulimics are women. People with bulimia have several other disorders due to their difficulty in impulse-control. History of these people often involves substance abuse, suicidal attempts and emotional instability. |
| SEXUAL IDENTITY DISORDER |
 It includes disorders like pedophilia (the sexual attraction to prepubescent
or peripubescent children), gerontophilia (a specific sexual inclination
towards the elderly), transvertism (cross-dressing by heterosexual
males), transexuality (a strong and on-going cross-gender identification,
i.e. a desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex),
homosexuality (sexual behavior or attraction between people of the
same sex or a sexual orientation). |
| SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION |
| It is difficulty during any stage of the sexual act (which includes desire, arousal, orgasm and resolution) that prevents the individual or couple from enjoying sexual activity. Sexual dysfunction disorders are generally classified into four categories: sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasm disorders, and sexual pain disorders. Sexual dysfunctions are more common in the early adult years, with the majority of people seeking care for such conditions during their late twenties through thirties. Sexual dysfunction is more common in people who abuse alcohol and drugs. It is also more likely in people suffering from diabetes and degenerative neurological disorders. Ongoing psychological problems, difficulty maintaining relationships or chronic disharmony with the current sexual partner can also interfere with sexual function. |
| GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) |
| GAD is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things, even though nothing seems to provoke it. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, as individuals suffering GAD typically catastrophize, anticipate disaster, and are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health, money, family or work. They often exhibit a variety of physical symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, muscle aches, difficulty swallowing, trembling, twitching, irritability, sweating and hot flashes. They startle more easily than other people and experience difficulty in relaxing or falling asleep. |
| ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE |
 Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degeneration of the brain that is
characterized by impairment of memory. This disease involves disturbances
in reasoning, memory, language and perception. It is also characterized
by withdrawal in daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common
reason for what is popularly called 'dementia'. Periodic control of brain
functions is crucial for early clinical diagnosis. Periodical controls consist
of mental assessment, depression test and brain functional tests including
memory, skill, attention and orientation. |
| HEADACHES |
| Headaches are important group of illness with diverse causes. Effective and differential diagnosis is very important for headaches. The most common types of headaches are 'migraine headaches' and 'tension headaches'. Rare causes of headaches include brain aneurysm, brain tumor, stroke or brain infection like meningitis or encephalitis. |
| EPILEPSY |
| Epilepsy is the common name of a group of disorders that are characterized by recurrent seizures distorting normal neurological functions. People have seizures when the electrical signals in the brain misfire. The brain's normal electrical activity is disrupted by these overactive electrical discharges, causing a temporary communication problem between nerve cells. Different symptoms may emerge due to the location of nerve cells in the brain. |
| NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS |
| Neuromuscular disorders are diseases that affect the neuromuscular
components: the nerve root, the peripheral nerve, the neuromuscular
junction and the muscle. Neuromuscular disorders cover a wide range of
conditions including myasthenia gravis, myopathies, neuropathies (either
acquired or inherited), muscular dystrophies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), as well as a range of very rare
muscle disorders. More than 40 different types of neuromuscular diseases
have been identified. Weakness is the common symptom in all disorders.
Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder that involves a
failure in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles and is
characterized by persistent muscular weakness and a tendency of muscles
to be easily fatigued. Individuals affected have muscle weakness, particularly
of the face, limbs, and neck.
Myopathies are diseases of skeletal muscle which are not caused by nerve disorders. These diseases cause the skeletal or voluntary muscles to become weak or wasted. Peripheral neuropathy is a general term referring to disorders of peripheral nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves that branch out of the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Peripheral neuropathy is a problem with the nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. This produces pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles. Peripheral neuropathy can be associated with poor nutrition, a number of diseases, and pressure or trauma. |
| HYPERACTIVITY |
 People with hyperactivity often run about excessively, fail to finish their
duties. They talk excessively and intrude on others' conversations. They are
often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. They have difficulty in maintaining
attention in tasks and activities. |
| ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER |
| People with this disorder are characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention as well as forgetfulness and distractibility. They easily get bored. They cannot wait for their turn. They have some difficulties in work completion. |
| BEHAVIOR /CONDUCT DISORDERS |
| Conduct disorders involve harming or threatening people or animals, damaging property, Lying or stealing, skipping or not doing well in school, early smoking, drinking or substance use, early sexual activity, frequent tantrums and arguments, consistent hostility towards authority figures. |
| DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN |
| Signs and symptoms of depression in children include continuous feeling of sadness, anger, crying, social withdrawal, inability to sleep alone, reduced ability to function in activities in school, tics, and enuresis. |
| LEARNING DISABILITIES |
| Learning disabilities refer to a group of disorders that affect academic and functional skills including math disability, reading and written expression disabilities. It is usually identified when children could not perform their academic skills during first days of their school. |
| SCHOOL FAILURE |
| Causes of school failure derive from personal traits, family and school. Among reasons of school failure are learning disability, depression, behavioral disorder, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, disorders associated with seeing and hearing. It may also derive when a child's IQ level is below his or her peers. |
| EXAM ANXIETY |
| It is characterized by a feeling of 'I cannot do this'. It has become one of the widely dealt topic in psychiatry clinics in Turkey for the last twenty year due to difficult economic conditions, cultural and social pressures associated with a rapid migration. |
| TIC DISORDERS IN CHILDREN |
 Tic is a problem in which a part of the body moves repeatedly, quickly,
suddenly and uncontrollably. Tics can occur in any body part, such as the
face, shoulders, hands or legs. They may consist of eye blinking, nasal
flaring, hand-clapping, neck stretching, mouth movements, head, arm or
leg jerks, facial grimacing, throat clearing, coughing, sniffing, grunting,
pulling at clothes, touching people, touching objects and echolalia (repeating
words just spoken by someone else). Tic disorders occur along a spectrum,
ranging from mild to more severe, and are classified according to duration
and severity (transient tics, chronic tics, or Tourette syndrome). |
| DELAYED SPEECH |
| Delayed speech or language development is a common developmental problem among preschool kids. Speaking entails maturation besides learning. Speech delay may be due to hearing loss, mental retardation, autism, extreme environmental deprivation, affective disorders, difficult delivery, upper and lower respiratory disorders, endocrine deficiencies, inflammation of the tongue and laryngeal muscles. |
| PHONOLOGICAL DISORDER |
| In phonological disorders one can not produce speech sounds that are appropriate for his age and dialect. Individual's ability to produce sounds as expected for his developmental level is impaired. There is a difficulty in learning and organizing the sounds needed for clear speech, reading and spelling. In severe cases, the child may have problems making basic needs known even to family members. In milder forms, the child may have difficulty being understood by people outside the immediate family. The difficulties in speech sound production interfere with academic or occupational achievement or with social communication. |
| STUTTERING |
| Stuttering is a speech disorder in which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by frequent repetitions or prolongations of speech sounds, syllables or words or by an individual's inability to start a word. Stuttering affects individuals of all ages but occurs most frequently in young children between the ages of 2 and 6 who are developing language. Boys are three times more likely to stutter than girls. Although the precise mechanisms causing stuttering are not understood, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. |
| APHASIA |
| Aphasia is a loss of the ability to produce and/or comprehend language, due to injury to brain areas specialized for these functions. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. Brain tumors, infections, injuries, progressive neurological disease and dementia can also cause it. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. It does not necessarily affect intelligence. Anyone can acquire aphasia, but most people who have aphasia are in their middle to late years. Men and women are equally affected. |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation TMS is a procedure in which electrical activity in the brain is influenced by a pulsed magnetic field. |
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